Resistance training for sarcopenia prevention in older adults: a systematic review of conventional and technology-enabled programmes

Abstract

Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function, is a growing public health concern that undermines independence and increases the risk of falls, disability, and mortality in ageing populations. This systematic literature review examined the effectiveness of resistance training for preventing sarcopenia and preserving muscle outcomes in older adults, and the programme characteristics associated with better results. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 framework. A structured search of the Scopus database, restricted to English-language journal articles published between 2016 and 2025, initially identified 296 records. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment against predefined criteria, 15 controlled intervention studies were included in the synthesis. A thematic synthesis showed that resistance and strength training consistently improved handgrip strength, lower-limb force, and physical performance, with more variable effects on muscle mass indices. Effective programmes typically involved supervised or technology-supported training two to three times weekly over 8 to 24 weeks, and combining training with protein supplementation appeared to enhance muscle outcomes. The findings support resistance training as a central preventive strategy while highlighting heterogeneity in dosing, populations, and outcome measures. Future trials should standardise sarcopenia outcomes and clarify optimal training parameters across diverse older populations.